Glucose Oxidase

Antioxidant and flour-treatment agent used in bread, beverages, and processed foods

SANHA, AHF (categorical), IFANCA (categorical), JAKIM Muzakarah Council 27 (1990), and ANIC 2018 (categorical) all classify this as doubtful.

Based on 5 cited authorities. Confidence: low.

What authorities say

5 authorities on record

5say Doubtful

Saying Doubtful5 of 5

SANHA

Glucose oxidase is Doubtful (Mushbooh) until the source is confirmed, it is considered Halaal only if derived from Halaal sources. [SANHA email correspondence, 23 June 2026]

AHF (categorical)

Bacterial cultures per se are not meat or wine that could be haram; the concern is about any haram ingredients used in cultivating or handling them (Oct 2025)

IFANCA (categorical)

Microbial enzyme and bacterial culture as ingredients are considered halal (with growth-medium audit requirement)

JAKIM Muzakarah Council 27 (1990)

Cheese-making enzymes permitted "diperolehi daripada tumbuhan atau kulat atau binatang yang halal dan disembelih" (from plants, fungi, or halal-slaughtered animals)

ANIC 2018 (categorical)

Halal only if not from animal source (no specific per-E-number entry)

Why this verdict

E1102 is an enzyme used as an antioxidant and flour-treatment agent in bread, beverages, and processed foods. It is produced commercially by fermenting fungi, typically Aspergillus niger. The fiqh concern is not the fungus itself (which is halal) but the fermentation growth medium, which can include animal-derived inputs that are not always disclosed on labels. The verdict defaults to doubtful pending halal certification or manufacturer attestation of the growth medium.

Common questions

Is E1102 halal?

Glucose Oxidase (E1102) is classified doubtful. SANHA, AHF (categorical), IFANCA (categorical), JAKIM Muzakarah Council 27 (1990), and ANIC 2018 (categorical) classify it as doubtful.

What is E1102 made from?

Glucose Oxidase (E1102) is produced by microbial fermentation.

Does the fermentation medium for E1102 affect its halal status?

It can. The enzyme or culture itself is microbial, but the fermentation growth medium may include animal-derived inputs. Halal-certified production confirms the medium is acceptable.

What is a halal alternative to E1102?

Halal-considered alternatives include Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) (E300).

Try instead

E300Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Growth medium risk

The enzyme or culture itself is microbial, but the fermentation growth medium may include animal-derived inputs. Halal-certified production confirms the medium is acceptable.

Based on 5 cited authorities. Verdict may be revised as more positions are added.